PROFESSIONAL PHOTOGRAPHY

Photography or IPA: (from Greek) is the process, activity and art of creating still or moving pictures by recording radiation on a sensitive medium, such as a film, or an electronic sensor. Light patterns reflected or emitted from objects activate a sensitive chemical or electronic sensor during a timed exposure, usually through a photographic lens in a device known as a camera that also stores the resulting information chemically or electronically. Photography has many uses for usiness, science, art and pleasure.

The word "photography" comes from the Greek(phos) "light" (graphis) "stylus", "paintbrush" or (graphê) "representation by means of lines" or "drawing", together meaning "drawing with light." Traditionally, the products of photography have been called negatives and photographs, commonly shortened to photos.

The discipline of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the cinema is dealt with under Cinematography.

Processes

Black-and-white

All photography was originally monochrome, most of thesephotographs were black & w. Even after color film was readily available, black-and-white photography continued to dominate for decades, due to its lower cost and its "classic" photographic look. It is important to note that some monochromatic pictures are not always pureblacks and whites, but also contain other hues depending on the process. The Cyanotype process produces an image of blue and white for example.

The albumen process which was used more than 150 yearsago had brown tones.Many photographers continue to produce some monochrome images. Some full color digital images are processed using a variety of techniques to create black and whites, and some camerashave even been produced toexclusively shootmonochrome.

Color

Color photography was explored beginning in the mid1800s. Early experiments in color could not fix the photograph and prevent the

color from fading. The first permanent color photo was taken in 1861 by the physicist James Clerk Maxwells.

One of the early methods of taking color photos was to use three cameras. Each camera would have a color filter in front of the lens. This technique provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to

recreate a color image in a darkroom or processing plant. Russian photographer Sergie Mikhailovich developed another technique, with three

color plates taken in quick succession.

Practical application of the technique was held back by the very limited color response of early film; however, in the early 1900s, following the work of photo-chemists such as H.W.Vogal, emulsions with adequate sensitivity to green and red light at last became available.

The first color plate, Autochrome, invented by the

French Lumiere brothers, reached the market in 1907. It was based ona 'screen-plate' filter made of dyed dots of potato starch, and was the only color film on the market until German Agfa introduced the similar Agfa in 1932. In 1935, American Kodak introduced the first modern ('integrated tri-pack') color film, Kodachrome, based on three colored emulsions. This was followed in 1936 by Agfa's Agfacoloe Neue. Unlike the Kodachrome tri-pack process, the color couplers in Agfacolor Neue were integral with theemulsion layers, which greatly simplified the film processing. Most modern color films, except Kodachrome, are based on the Agfacolor Neue technology. Instant color film was introduced by Polaroid in 1963.

Color photography may form images as a positive transparency, intended for use in a slide projector, or as color negatives intended for use in creating positive color enlargements on specially coated paper. The latter is nowthe most common form of film (non-digital) color photography owing to the introduction of automated photoprinting equipment.